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1. 質åãããïŒãããŠè³ªåãç¶ããïŒ
ãã¹ãŠã質åããŠãã ããïŒæ å ±ãéµåã¿ã«ããªãã§ãã ãããèªåèªèº«ã«åããããŠãã ããïŒ
- ãã®æ å ±ã®æ å ±æºã¯äœã§ããïŒ
- ãã®æ å ±æºã¯ä¿¡é Œã§ããŸããïŒ
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äŸãã°ãæ°åå€åã«é¢ãããã¥ãŒã¹èšäºãèªããšããæ å ±æºïŒäŸïŒæ¿åºæ©é¢ãç§åŠéèªãæ¿æ²»çæè·å£äœïŒã«çåãæããããŠãã ããããããã®æœåšçãªåèŠãèæ ®ããè€æ°ã®æ å ±æºããã®èšŒæ ãæ¢ããŠãã ããã
2. è°è«ãåæãã
è°è«ããã®æ§æèŠçŽ ïŒåæãšçµè«ïŒã«åè§£ãããããã®éã®è«ççãªã€ãªãããè©äŸ¡ããŸããæšè«ã«ããããããã誀謬ã匱ç¹ãç¹å®ããŸããäžè¬çãªè«çç誀謬ã«ã¯ä»¥äžãå«ãŸããŸãã
- äººèº«æ»æïŒAd hominemïŒïŒè°è«ãã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããè°è«ãããŠãã人ç©ãæ»æããããšã
- èäººåœ¢è«æ³ïŒStraw manïŒïŒçžæã®è°è«ãæªæ²ããŠãæ»æããããããããšã
- ææ ãžã®èšŽãïŒAppeal to emotionïŒïŒè«ççãªæšè«ã§ã¯ãªããææ çãªèšŽããçšããããšã
- 誀ã£ããžã¬ã³ãïŒFalse dilemmaïŒïŒå®éã«ã¯ããå€ãã®éžæè¢ãããã®ã«ãäºã€ã®éžæè¢ã ããæç€ºããããšã
- ãã³ãã¯ãŽã³å¹æïŒBandwagon fallacyïŒïŒå€ãã®äººãä¿¡ããŠãããããšãã£ãŠããããçå®ã§ãããšä»®å®ããããšã
äŸãã°ããè»ã¯ç°å¢ãæ±æããããããã¹ãŠã®è»ãçŠæ¢ãã¹ãã ããšèª°ãã䞻匵ããå Žåãããªãã¯ãã®è°è«ãåæïŒè»ã¯ç°å¢ãæ±æããïŒãšçµè«ïŒãã¹ãŠã®è»ãçŠæ¢ãã¹ãã ïŒãç¹å®ããããšã§åæã§ããŸããæ¬¡ã«ãä»£æ¿æ¡ïŒäŸïŒé»æ°èªåè»ã®éçºãå ¬å ±äº€éæ©é¢ã®æ¹åïŒãèæ ®ããçµè«ãåæããè«ççã«å°ããããã©ãããè©äŸ¡ããŸãã
3. 蚌æ ãè©äŸ¡ãã
ãã¹ãŠã®èšŒæ ãåãããã«äœæãããŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã蚌æ ãè©äŸ¡ããéã«ã¯ã以äžã®èŠçŽ ãèæ ®ããŠãã ããã
- é¢é£æ§ïŒãã®èšŒæ ã¯äž»åŒµãããŠããå 容ã«é¢é£ããŠããŸããïŒ
- æ£ç¢ºæ§ïŒãã®èšŒæ ã¯æ£ç¢ºã§ä¿¡é Œã§ããŸããïŒ
- å®å šæ§ïŒãã®èšŒæ ã¯å æ¬çã§ä»£è¡šçã§ããïŒ
- åèŠïŒãã®èšŒæ ã¯äœããã®åœ¢ã§åã£ãŠããŸãããïŒ
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4. ç°ãªãèŠç¹ãèæ ®ãã
åé¡ãç°ãªãè§åºŠããèŠãŠã¿ãŠãã ãããä»ã®äººã®ç«å Žã«ãªã£ãŠã圌ãã®èŠç¹ãåæ©ãèæ ®ããŠãã ãããããã¯ãé ããä»®å®ãåèŠãç¹å®ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸããäŸãã°ãç§»æ°æ¿çã«ã€ããŠè°è«ããéãç§»æ°ãéçšäž»ããããŠå äœæ°ã®èŠç¹ãèæ ®ããŠãã ããã
5. ã¢ã¯ãã£ããªã¹ãã³ã°ãå®è·µãã
ä»è ã®çºèšããèšèã ãã§ãªãéèšèªçã«ãæ³šææ·±ãèããŠãã ããã圌ãã®èŠç¹ãçè§£ããŠããããšã確èªããããã«ãæç¢ºãªè³ªåãããŠãã ãããäžæãããã倿ãããããããšã¯é¿ããŠãã ãããã¢ã¯ãã£ããªã¹ãã³ã°ã¯ãèªåèªèº«ã®çè§£ã®ã®ã£ãããç¹å®ããä»è ã®çµéšããåŠã¶ã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
6. è°è«ããã£ã¹ã«ãã·ã§ã³ã«åå ãã
è°è«ããã£ã¹ã«ãã·ã§ã³ã«åå ããããšã¯ãèªåã®ç«å Žãæè·ãã代æ¿ã®èŠç¹ãèæ ®ããããšãäœåãªãããããããã¯ãªãã£ã«ã«ã·ã³ãã³ã°ã¹ãã«ã磚ãã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸããç°ãªãæèŠãæã€äººã ãšã®å»ºèšçãªå¯Ÿè©±ã«åå ããæ©äŒãæ¢ããŠãã ãããã°ããŒãã«ãªæèã§ã¯ãããã¯ãªã³ã©ã€ã³ãã©ãŒã©ã ãžã®åå ãåœéäŒè°ãžã®åºåžã䌎ãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
7. 倿§ãªæ å ±æºãæ¢ã
åäžã®æ å ±æºã«äŸåããªãã§ãã ãããæ§ã ãªèŠç¹ããæžãããæ¬ãèšäºãããã°ãèªãã§ãã ããããœãŒã·ã£ã«ã¡ãã£ã¢ã§å€æ§ãªå£°ããã©ããŒããŠãã ãããç°ãªãæåãã¢ã€ãã¢ã«è§ŠããŠãã ãããããã¯èŠéãåºããèªåèªèº«ã®ä»®å®ã«ææŠããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸããäŸãã°ãã¢ããªã«ã®åžå Žååãçè§£ãããããžãã¹ãããã§ãã·ã§ãã«ã¯ãçŸå°ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãœãŒã¹ãæ¥çã¬ããŒããã¢ããªã«ã®ãšã³ããã¹ãããã®å°éå®¶ã®æèŠãåç §ãã¹ãã§ãã
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